Khomeini’s Fortress: Why the Regime Survived When It Shouldn’t Have

In the 7th century, following the Islamic conquest of Jerusalem in 637 CE, Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab initiated one of the earliest examples of ideological fusion in Islamic history. By merging Islam with Arab identity, he created a powerful and cohesive framework that bound together diverse peoples, Persians, Aramaeans, Copts, Berbers, under a singular…